On Bridges-Go-Around (1958)

Bridges-Go-Around (1958), made by one of the forerunner Jazz Film artists of all time, Shirley Clarke, is a short film, or more precisely two shorts in one. Composed of a series of shots from New York bridges, the film, in its first half, is edited and synced with the music of Teo Macero. For the second half, the very same images, as the first half, are repeated, but this time they are accompanied by the electronic music of Louis and Bebe Barron. So Bridges-Go-Around is a film which is played twice, but each projection, thanks to specific effects created by each musical genre, gives a distinctive impression and even the meaning of the images change and assiduously contrast/complete/comment on the other half. 

READ THE COMPLETE ARTICLE AND WATCH THE FILM ON MY JAZZ BLOG

Survival of the Unfit

CINEPHILIA & REVOLUTION

A familiar practice in Persian film literature is that of the “cinematic memoir”—personal reminiscences of the film culture of pre-Revolutionary Iran.

Bolstered by a nostalgic tone, these autobiographical texts deal with the themes of childhood, adolescence and encounters with cinema in a Westernized Iran. The authors of such memoirs frequently depict Iran as a haven for cinephiles. Considering the number of films that were shown in pre-Revolutionary Iran and the diversity of their origins, this may be taken as an accurate characterization.

Read the full article here

Women Cinema and the Problem of Representation

فیلم‌سازی زنان و مسأله بازنمایی

يك بررسي تاريخي از جنبش سينماي زنان

گردآوري شده توسط كتايون يوسفي

یکی از اولین نمونه‌های توجه جنبش زنان به رسانه سینما کتابی بود که در 1970 منتشر شد با نام «پیوندِ خواهری محکم است». این کتاب 600 صفحه‌ای که مجموعه‌ای از اسناد تاریخی و مهم‌ترین مقالات فعالان جنبش آزادی‌خواهی زنان را گرد آورده بود لیستی به انتهای خود ضمیمه داشت از فیلم‌هایی که به خاطر توجه به مشکلات زنان یا جامعۀ مشکل‌ساز برای زنان تماشایشان توصیه می‌شد. اين مجلد بهانه‌اي شد تا در طول پنج-شش سال بعد از انتشارش انواع فستیوال‌ها، کتاب‌ها و مجلات با موضوع سینما و زنان در بریتانیا و آمریکا یکی پس از دیگری ظاهر شوند: 1971، تاسیس گروه فیلم زنان لندن؛ 1972 برگزاری جشنواره فیلم زنان در نیویورک و دو ماه بعد بخشی مختص زنان در جشنواره فیلم ادینبُرو؛ همچنین تأسیس مجله آمریکاییِ «فیلم و زنان»، 1973 فستیوال فیلم زنان در تورنتو و واشنگتن و دورۀ «فیلم زنان» در انستیتوی فیلم بریتانیا. اولین کتاب در این حوزه در 1973 توسط مارجوری روزن با نام «ونوس پاپکورنی» منتشر شدکه تصویر ارائه شده از زنان در هالیوود را با آنچه در واقعیتِ جامعه می‌گذشت مقایسه کرد. به دنبال آن در 1974«از تکریم تا تجاوز» (مالی هسکل) و «زنان و مسئلۀ جنسیت آن‌ها در فیلمِ امروز» (جون ملن) آمدند. هر سه این کتاب‌ها در آمریکا و توسط نویسندگان آمریکایی نوشته شدند و رویکردی جامعه‌شناختی به این مسأله داشتند؛ به این معنی که سینما را آینه‌ای از یک جامعه در حال تغییر می‌دانستند؛ البته آینه‌ای پر از تحریف که به بهانه «واقع‌گریزی» تصویری دروغ از شرایط اجتماعی نشان می‌داد و زنان را تشویق می‌کرد که با تصاویری غلط همذات‌پنداری کنند.

Phallic Domination in the 70s Hollywood

سلطه در هالیوودِ دهه هفتاد: در جستجوی آقای گودبار (1977)

زنانگي و مكافات

ان کاپلان

ترجمۀ كتايون يوسفي

همان‌طور که مالی هسکل و دیگران به درستی به آن اشاره کرده‌اند، از اواسط دهۀ 1960 و هم‌زمان با آغاز جنبش زنان دو دسته فیلم در سینمای تجاری آمریکا ظهور کرده و غالب شد. گروه اول برای طفره رفتن از مسائل مرتبط با تفاوت جنسیتی، زنان را کاملاً از فیلم حذف کرد (فیلم‌هایی که به buddy-buddy يا رفيقِ [مرد] جون‌جوني شناخته می‌شوند) و گروه دوم، وقتی که دیگر اجتناب از این مشکلات ممکن نبود، خشونت و تجاوز به زنان را نشان داد. زمینه ظهور این دسته دوم را فیلمی چید که با آنکه در زمان نمايشش، در 1960، متهم به نمایش غیر ضروریِ سادیسم شد، اکنون بسیار جلوتر از زمان خود تلقی می‌شود: تامِ چشم‌چران اثر مایکل پاول. این فیلم شاید بیش‌تر از هر فیلم دیگری تلاش نیروی مردسالاری برای خنثی کردن تهدیدِ وارد از جانب زن را می‌نمایاند؛ تلاشی که یا به شکل کنترل او توسط نیروی gaze بود (نمونه: كاميل اثر جرج کیوکر)؛ یا بت ساختن از او (نمونه: ونوس موطلايي اثر جوزف فون اشترنبرگ) و یا قتل او (نمونه: بانويي از شانگهاي اثر اورسن ولز).

A Chat With Laura Groves

I met Laura Groves in the last year's London International Women Film Festival, known as Bird's Eye View. There, Laura and her band, Blue Roses, accompanied the silent Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde with their electronic sound.

At the time, I wrote for Iranian Film Monthly about her imaginative work which was loaded with care for the meaning of every single image, and delivered a feminine sensibility throughout the film. Despite a personal dislike for electronic music for the silent cinema, and various forms of experimentation with the silent films, I was stunned by the brilliance of the Groves’s music and the way it contributed to the film. Her instrumentation was a combination of keyboards, synthesizers, guitar, piano, violin and innovative use of percussions. She even sang for two scenes.

What Laura Groves had achieved in Dr. Jekyll was interesting enough to persuade me to learn more about her work, so two weeks after the screening, I met her again, this time in the bar of the NFT.

Against the Silence

The Birds Eye View Film Festival in London, which opened on International Women's Day (March 8th), and significantly on 100th anniversary of this auspicious day, is one of the most internationally acclaimed women’s film festivals. It is a collection of tastefully selected new films, short films, documentaries, classics, exhibitions, as well as live music performance. Their motto is “From Lois Weber to Lucy Walker”, thus acknowledging Weber (1881-1939), the first female director of feature length films and Walker, the documentary maker whose work Countdown to Zero, on the subject of nuclear race, has recently been screened.

Lillian Gish in The Wind

In its seventh year, the festival which in itself is as tasteful and tidy as an organized woman’s kitchen, introduces a category, “Bloody Women” which can be interpreted as the dark basement under the kitchen. It is a look at women’s contribution to horror, from gothic psychodrama to vampire chic. It includes films such as Victor Sjoström’s The Wind and Kathryn Bigelow’s Near Dark. Hard as it is to believe, some of the most delightful moments of this section are provided by silent movies, accompanied by live music, screened to young and old audiences in a packed theatre.

John Barrymore in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

One of my most unforgettable movie experiences in the past few months was seeing John S. Robertson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920) as a part of “Bloody Women” screenings. Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was filmed at least nine times in the silent era alone, and this adaptation owes its entrance into this festival to its script-writer Ms. Clara Beranger (1886-1956), who acquired fame by working with director Cecil B. DeMille on 24 films. Later, she married DeMille’s older brother William, also a director. The fact that she was using the pseudonym of Charles S. Beranger, might give a new meaning to the theme of duality in Dr. Jekyll. Her part in this wonderful interpretation is more than meets the eye initially. Rather than opting for the more usual “mad scientists” of the genre (Dr. Frankenstein, Francois Delambre, etc.), Beranger, in her feminine presentation, prefers to show Dr. Jekyll as one whose social status does not permit frequenting a mere dancer, subsequently resorting to his alter ego. Barrymore’s portrayal of Jekyll/Hyde is simply the best, better than Spencer Tracey or even Fredrick March. When “the great profile” up on the screen, is transforming into one of the most disturbing icons in history of cinema, is the moment one can not forget easily. Barrymore’s metamorphosis even overwhelms those audiences familiar with slashing bodies with saws in the contemporary Hollywood films. It must have been widely seen at its time, because obviously Jekyll’s long nails, hair and deformed skull were to served as models for Murnau’s Nosferatu (made two years later). Barrymore, a Jekyll/Hyde type of man in life, believes "there are lots of methods in acting. Mine involves a lot of talent, a glass, and some cracked ice." Later on, his Mr. Hyde side destroyed his Dr. Jekyll’s. By the 1930’s he was unable to remember his lines. “Lot of talent” vanished, and just remained “a glass, and some cracked ice.”

Laura Groves

Berangers feminine views in this screening were supplemented by the brilliant work of young musician Laura Groves and her trio, Blue Roses (she released a self-titled debut album in 2009). It was an imaginative, experimental and contemporary approach to the film, loaded with care and feminine sensibility. Despite my personal resistance upon unnecessary musical playfulness with silent movies, Groves’ music contributed very well to the pleasure and thrill of the film. Her instrumentation was a combination of keyboards, synthesizers, guitar, piano, violin and innovative percussions. She even sang in two scenes. Those scenes were involved with Jekyll’s fiancée, played by Martha Mansfield, and by Groves’ treatment of the mood and feeling of them, they transcended to the film’s some of best sequences. Thanks to her, it was hard to believe the film was made 91 years ago. The way she musically emphasizes on Mansfield character, brings her to the center of attention, and even makes her the tragic figure in the story. I’m sure Groves is very well aware of the importance of this film in the lost and forgotten career of Martha Mansfield: she was just starting to gain attention as a motion picture star when a tragedy took her life. Three years after Dr. Jekyll, when she was working on The Warrens of Virginia, somebody carelessly dropped a lighted match near her dress, which erupted into flames. After a week of pain and agony, she died from the severe burns that she suffered. This film, significantly, is her only surviving work. [picture at the top]

Lola Perrin

Music bonds spectators together in the three-dimensional space of the theatre. Thinking of a silent film without accompanied music is like watching a big canvas of painting. Nobody knows what part the other spectator is looking at, and what sound is heard in her or his mind. So in a way, music’s function is to direct all looks to a certain point. This task could have a Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde effect. If it draws the attention to the wrong point, as Lola Perrin did in The Wind, it will take the audiences feeling to a detour, and since silent film is all about emotions and feelings, that would be the impairing of the whole cinematographic experience. (Perrin who has been called “the female Steven Reich” under the guise of minimalism, which actually was playing a few notes during the whole screening and without paying any attention to importance of silence, ruined the film – let’s not forget that “silence remains, inescapably, a form of speech,” as Susan Sontag puts it.)

Ladies performing for a silent film

Once again, women are reviewing their part in the world of cinema, and film history. They have many things to explore. They have their giants and masters, Lois Weber, Dorothy Arzner, Ida Lupino, Shirley Clarke, numerous scriptwriters, best editors in the business, costume designers, and, fortunately, many more in all corners of contemporary cinema. We are to expect more Dr. Jekylls and Mrs. Hydes now. Hopefully a big wave is raising. -- Ehsan Khoshbakht

Many thanks to Linda Saxod.

Remembering Lois Weber

Lois Weber, the first woman director of feature films in American cinema, had an active social agenda that she sought to promote through the medium of screen melodrama. During the first world war years, she achieved tremendous success by combining a canny commercial sense with a rare vision of cinema as a moral tool. For a time, Weber made a fortune trying to improve the human race through movies. For birth control and against abortion, against capital punishment and for child labor laws. This is a tribute to her, and also a celebration of the 100th anniversary of International Women’s Day.

Lois Weber was a unique silent film director. She was the first woman to direct a full-length feature film with The Merchant of Venice in 1914. Not only was she a woman who was certainly the most important female director the American film industry had known in its early days, but unlike many of her colleagues up to the present, her work was regarded in its day as equal to, if not a little better than that of most male directors. Her films were making money for Universal in 1910s ("studio's most important director during the war years," Richard Koszarski said), though she was not afraid to make features with risqué subject matter such as Christian Science (Jewel and A Chapter in Her Life), birth control (Where Are My Children), and capital punishment (The People vs. John Doe). Among her films, according to Anthony Slide, Hypocrites (1915, clip below) was another indictment of hypocrisy and corruption in big business, politics, and religion. The Weber films, however, did run into censorship problems and the director was the subject of a vicious attack in a 1918 issue of Theatre Magazine over the "indecent and suggestive" nature of her titles.

She was an innovative director in many aspects. For instance, in Suspense (1913) she found a new solution for depicting a phone conversation by dividing the screen into three triangles, with a woman speaking on the telephone at the top right, a tramp at the top left who is outside the woman's house and trying to break in, and the husband at his office, at the other end of the phone, in the center. Of course, now all these incredible efforts seem insignificant, but from a historical point of view, they are more important that Avatar, and as far as narrative is concerned, it's more beneficial than many 1940s classic women pictures, paradoxically all made by men. In 1915, the camera movements she used for Sunshine Mollie, were much ahead of its time. Film starts with a very high-angle view of oil fields, full of countless derricks pushing upward as far as the eye can see, and a very slow, circular panorama that ends up with the small figure of Lois Weber standing in the road with her
suitcase.

She was an imaginative filmmaker, with a poetic touch, much quite close to masters of her age like Maurice Tourneur. It's more challenging if we consider that a woman contemporary of Griffith, and when everybody was mad about Griffith's discoveries, takes a slightly different route. Her cinema, again an argument based on accessible fragments of her oeuvre, had a European touch. It is full of attention to detail, and gestures that are crossing the theatrical presentation and getting close to a more cinematic experience. Yet she wasn't completely detached of the literary tradition, especially in her way of using titles as a direct narrative device. She was juxtaposing the text and image in some of her film, or even sometimes she quoted poets in them.

Weber in the middle

In the early 1920s she released a series of personal, intimate dramas  like Too Wise Wives and The Blot (watch a clip here), dealing with married life and the types of problems which beset ordinary people. None of these films were particularly well received by the critics, who unanimously declared them dull, while the public displayed an equal lack of enthusiasm. Nonetheless, these features  demonstrate Weber at her directorial best.

on the set of her last film, White Heat (1934)

In her last years as a director, she lost her company, obtained a divorce from her abusive, alcoholic husband (who had a close professional association with her), and had a nervous breakdown. She remarried in 1926, and divorced in 1935. Her position in studio descended to a script doctor. Finally she died at the age of 58, without children, and apparently penniless. Her funeral expenses were paid by friends who remembered her devotion to an impossibly high ideal of screen art. A sad ending. But whose ending is happy?

Sources:

• Richard Koszarski, An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of The Silent Feature Picture 1915 - 1928, Macmillan, pp. 223-225.
• Anthony Slide, International dictionary of films and filmmakers, Macmillan, pp. 1055-1057
• Wikipedia

When Women Ascend the Stairs

Two shots from Mikio Naruse's When a Woman Ascends the Stairs (1960). Director of photography: Masao Tamai.

Mikio Naruse, the George Cukor of Japanese cinema, eventually made eighty-nine films (forty-four of which have survived), though he was not discovered by Western audiences until years after his death in 1969, today he is recognized as one of the greatest Japanese filmmakers. He regularly chose to depict strong, working-class female characters. Naruse’s cinematic style, like Ozu's, is deceptively simple, clear and intelligent, informed by a sharp sense of logic. He occasionally allows himself small, poetic touches, such as the brief segments featuring the streets, traffic and bright, flickering signs of Tokyo, and unheard in Eastern cinema he has used a jazz score (playing mostly with Vibes) for his brilliant melodrama, When a Woman Ascends the Stairs. Mark Saint-Cyr calls this film "a mini-masterpiece of composition and a poignant encapsulation of Naruse’s melancholic vision. When a Woman Ascends the Stairs is a moving, assuredly-told tale of making ends meet and portrays a realistic, resolute breed of femininity."
I think two shots from When a Woman... explain the situation of most eastern women in postwar world. Where you must live and pay heavy dues for that.