Poetics of Space: Roeg's (In)Significance

Insignificance (Nicolas Roeg, 1985)

Survival of the Unfit

CINEPHILIA & REVOLUTION

A familiar practice in Persian film literature is that of the “cinematic memoir”—personal reminiscences of the film culture of pre-Revolutionary Iran.

Bolstered by a nostalgic tone, these autobiographical texts deal with the themes of childhood, adolescence and encounters with cinema in a Westernized Iran. The authors of such memoirs frequently depict Iran as a haven for cinephiles. Considering the number of films that were shown in pre-Revolutionary Iran and the diversity of their origins, this may be taken as an accurate characterization.

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Women Cinema and the Problem of Representation

فیلم‌سازی زنان و مسأله بازنمایی

يك بررسي تاريخي از جنبش سينماي زنان

گردآوري شده توسط كتايون يوسفي

یکی از اولین نمونه‌های توجه جنبش زنان به رسانه سینما کتابی بود که در 1970 منتشر شد با نام «پیوندِ خواهری محکم است». این کتاب 600 صفحه‌ای که مجموعه‌ای از اسناد تاریخی و مهم‌ترین مقالات فعالان جنبش آزادی‌خواهی زنان را گرد آورده بود لیستی به انتهای خود ضمیمه داشت از فیلم‌هایی که به خاطر توجه به مشکلات زنان یا جامعۀ مشکل‌ساز برای زنان تماشایشان توصیه می‌شد. اين مجلد بهانه‌اي شد تا در طول پنج-شش سال بعد از انتشارش انواع فستیوال‌ها، کتاب‌ها و مجلات با موضوع سینما و زنان در بریتانیا و آمریکا یکی پس از دیگری ظاهر شوند: 1971، تاسیس گروه فیلم زنان لندن؛ 1972 برگزاری جشنواره فیلم زنان در نیویورک و دو ماه بعد بخشی مختص زنان در جشنواره فیلم ادینبُرو؛ همچنین تأسیس مجله آمریکاییِ «فیلم و زنان»، 1973 فستیوال فیلم زنان در تورنتو و واشنگتن و دورۀ «فیلم زنان» در انستیتوی فیلم بریتانیا. اولین کتاب در این حوزه در 1973 توسط مارجوری روزن با نام «ونوس پاپکورنی» منتشر شدکه تصویر ارائه شده از زنان در هالیوود را با آنچه در واقعیتِ جامعه می‌گذشت مقایسه کرد. به دنبال آن در 1974«از تکریم تا تجاوز» (مالی هسکل) و «زنان و مسئلۀ جنسیت آن‌ها در فیلمِ امروز» (جون ملن) آمدند. هر سه این کتاب‌ها در آمریکا و توسط نویسندگان آمریکایی نوشته شدند و رویکردی جامعه‌شناختی به این مسأله داشتند؛ به این معنی که سینما را آینه‌ای از یک جامعه در حال تغییر می‌دانستند؛ البته آینه‌ای پر از تحریف که به بهانه «واقع‌گریزی» تصویری دروغ از شرایط اجتماعی نشان می‌داد و زنان را تشویق می‌کرد که با تصاویری غلط همذات‌پنداری کنند.

Gravity: A Space Oddity

Gravity: A Space Oddity
By Kiomars Vejdani 

GRAVITY
Director: Alfonso Cuaron
USA/United Kingdom 2013


We have direct experience of gravity, as it is normally known to us, for only a few moments in the film when protagonist’s feet comes into firm contact with the ground. For the rest of the film our experience of it is indirect. We feel the effect of gravity through its absence, or to be more precise through zero gravity as it exists in outer space.

Alfonso Cuaron uses his creative skill and mastery of form to produce such a space. He makes audience share the experience of being in space. Cuaron’s work is one of the best example of use of  3D as part of cinematic language. His control of elements and attention to details is noticeable at every moment of the film. In this weightless world everything, people as well as objects, float continuously. People's dreamlike movement  is choreographed with the beauty of a ballet. (The creation of such a space is the result of collaboration between Cuaron and his visual effect supervisor Tim Webber.) Normal ways of frame composition is discarded. People are framed from every possible angle, not only the standard upright one, but also diagonal, horizontal, or even upside down as required by the situation. Camera with its continuous movement follows people and objects in the frame, hovers around them, changing its perspective from moment to moment. (In this respect Cuaron is greatly helped by his director of photography Emanuel Lubezki).

Cuaron conveys the feeling of infinity of space through his long takes. (The first shot of the film lasts more than twelve minutes.) In these long takes patterns within the frame change non-stop in a kaleidoscopic way with objects and images replacing one another. Darkness of space makes way for brightness of planet earth before a space station enters the frame. As it gets closer we see a tiny figure of a man in a long shot. The man gradually gets closer till we have his face in a close up, before camera leaves him behind and continues with its hovering. The shot only terminates when a cut is dramatically necessary. In this ever changing scenery only one factor remains constant and that is the beauty of images, from sunrise on planet earth to star studded dark sky. The outer space has never been more beautiful.

Cuaron uses the vast expanse of universe as a backdrop for his human drama. More than realistic presentation of outer space he pays attention to people in their isolation inside the space station. In this respect his film reminds us of John Carpenter’s Dark Star or for that matter David Bowie's Space Oddity.

Cuaron’s priority goes to presenting the world of his protagonist Dr. Ryan Stone (Sandra Bullock in the performance of her career). Cuaron gives us her full range of thoughts and feelings at every moment of the film, from her initial  insecurity and lack of self confidence, her panic when faced with life threatening  elements, her dependence on her colleague, mentor and protector Matt Kowalski (George Clooney), the warmth of their friendship, her sorrows of  bereavement, old ones (death of her child) as well as new ones, her frustration and anger when  facing  insurmountable problems, her despair of facing approaching death, her mental confusion due to lack of oxygen, and finally her courage to fight back.

Cuaron follows with single mindedness her progress and evolution to the level of strength enabling her to deal with her inner problems (related to the death of her daughter) as well as fighting against the dangers in space to save her own  life. In pursue of his aim Cuaron is prepared to sacrifice everything else. (Not very often a filmmaker kills his box office star within the first half an hour of the film.)

I do not think I will give away much of the plot if I say it is the story of survival. It is the dramatic and thematic requirement of the film that Stone should make it home, and audience expects her to do so from the word go.

Our first impression of space is its calmness and serenity. When Ryan Stone is asked what she likes most about space she says "It is so peaceful." But this peacefulness is deceptive as there is threatening side to space which could easily cost lives. Cuaron conveys the horror of  such a death at the moment when Stone suddenly comes face to face with the dead body of an astronaut  inside the broken space ship. Death could occur  in a violent way such as being hit by  a floating  object  including debris of broken space ships ( as shown by the image of  the astronaut with his face completely smashed behind his broken helmet). Or it could be less drastic (but not necessarily less horrifying) like being separated from space ship and drifting away until the supply of oxygen runs out.

Ryan Stone faces both of these dangers. She finds herself in the way of floating debris and is nearly hit by them. Also at one stage she almost misses her station, only manages to hold on to it  and get into her capsule  with great difficulty  and after a hard struggle. She only begins to find her strength after she fails to save her colleague and has to accept the situations as unavoidable if not necessary (in Matt's words she has "to learn to let go"). She realises that from now on she has only to rely on herself . As her self confidence builds up she finds courage and ability to cope with whatever problem and obstacle comes her way.

In parallel with increase in the level of her courage and determination, the film's tempo also gets faster. The tempo reaches its maximum at the climax of the film coinciding with the moment of entering the earth’s atmosphere, with breath taking image of capsule and debris aflame running in parallel above the surface of the earth.

For all the grandeur and splendour of outer space the priority of Cuaron’s affection goes for the little planet earth and the life that exists on it. He shows his love of life with the shot of a frog swimming in the water. He conveys his belief in the value of planet as home through his protagonist grasping firmly and endearingly a fistful of wet sand on the beach. Ryan Stone achieves what is most values by Cuaron and he celebrates her victory with the low angle upright shot of her in the most powerful state.

But there is still one stage left to complete the film’s theme. When Ryan was at the depth of her despair and had given up all hope of survival, Matt suddenly (and unrealistically) enters her capsule, teaches her how to solve her problem, and gives hope to live and encouragement to finish the journey. Matt’s apparition can be interpreted in two ways. We can see him as Ryan’s hallucination and part of her mental confusion. Or we can decide that he has a spiritual reality existing as Ryan’s guardian angel. It seems Cuaron has chosen the spiritual explanation by making his protagonist believe in life existence after death. In Ryan's mind Matt has returned to help her to find her way home. She has continued dialogue with Matt during the rest of the journey. (Incidentally this line of thought and belief helps Ryan to overcome the bereavement of loss of her daughter.)

In the final stages the film takes on a religious tone. Cuaron conveys this and his belief in God with a religious picture in Russian spaceship and statue of Buddha in the Chinese one. But above all in Ryan's belief in a power superior to hers, even after all the courage and determination she has shown to reach her destination. Her whisper of "thank you" on the beach is the best proof of it.


                           

Iran (1971), a film by Claude Lelouch

An awful piece of travelogue whose loose narrative slowly takes shape from various rip-offs from Iran-related (or unrelated) sources such as Agnes Varda, Parviz Kimiavi, Richard Brooks and most importantly Lelouch's fellow countryman, Albert Lamorisse and his Le Vent des amoureux.

Cine-Lunar Notes

ماه و سينما

جدای از این که ماه موضوع هزاران شعر و آواز عاشقانه و غیر عاشقانه بوده، در سینما درآمدن قرص ماه باعث می شد تا لان چینی جونیِر نجیب و آرام به مرد گرگ‌نما بدل شود و از آن پیش‌تر لوييس بونيوئل در سگ آندلسی در یکی از مشهور ترین کات‌های تاریخ سینما، بریدن چشم را به نمایی از ماه که به زیر ابر می‌رود «برش» داد. پرواز ای تی با دوچرخه از مقابل ماه، در سال‌های 1980 و هم‌زمان با طرح «جنگ ستارگان» ریگان دل بچه‌ها را می بُرد. قبل از آن، در بيستم جولاي 1969، آپولو 11 اولي سفينه سرنشين‌داري بود كه بر روی خاک مردۀ آن کرۀ خوش سیما نشست، يه به روايت تئوريِ توطئه، تظاهر كرد كه روي ماه نشسته است.

Tetro = Sword + Fish

يادداشتي درباره تتروي فرانسيس فورد كاپولا: اره + ماهي

تترو ملودرام خانوادگي فرانسيس فورد كاپولا اين تصور را به بيننده مي‌دهد كه گنگسترهاي پدرخوانده‌ خيلي بيش‌تر از آدم‌هاي عادي در حفظ بنيان‌هاي خانواده موفق بوده‌اند. به شكلي متناقض، هنوز خانواده پدرخوانده كامل‌ترين زندگي خانوادگي‌اي است كه كاپولا روي پرده تصوير كرده. در پدرخواندۀ دوم، كشتن برادر براي كاپولا اوج تراژدي كورلئونه‌ها بود و در مكالمه، تنهايي جين هكمنِ بي‌خانواده، سرآغازي بر پارانويا، وحشت و فروپاشي‌اش. خانوادۀ تترو، يا شبحي كه از آن در فيلم مي‌بينيم، جايي بين اين دو قرار دارد: نه در شكل سنتي‌اش وجود دارد و نه كاملاً محو شده است. اما بيان اين نكته به تنهايي چه اهميتي دارد، وقتي همه از آن خبر داريم و بيشترمان هم جايي در همين ميان گير افتاده‌ايم. به‌خصوص وقتي كاپولا براي فراتر رفتن از اين سطح تلاش چنداني نمي‌كند يا اين كه براي رسيدن به پاسخي در چهارچوب دنياي خودش به قواعد ملودرام‌هاي دهه 1940 متوسل مي‌شود.

May Stairs

The Third Man

After a long interval, we will ascend and descend cinematic stairs again and will hide in the dark corners of the staircases which generate our dreams and nightmares. Another round of celebrating the most vital vertical element of the movies and their spaces. 

Previous posts include: Insane stairs, Sirk stairs, Stairways to hell, Stairs and mirrors, Reincarnation of stairs, High society stairs, Metaphysical stairs, Dialectical stairs, Capra stairs, Stairways to heaven, Poetics of space: stairs.

CinemaEma Soundtrack Mix#1

آن‌چه خواهيد شنيد بخش اول از پروژه‌اي تازه است براي سايت سينماي ما كه هدفش ارائه «ميكس»‌هاي مختلف از موسيقي فيلم در تاريخ سينماست. هدفم اين است كه تا جاي ممكن تنوع در ژانرهاي موسيقي و كشورها و سينماهايي كه از آن‌ها كارهايي را انتخاب مي‌كنم حفظ شود. به عنوان مثال در اين قسمت از فرانسه، آمريكا، چك و ايتاليا موسيقي فيلم‌هايي را خواهيد شنيد كه بين سال‌هاي 1937 تا 2012 ضبط شده‌اند و تنوعي دارند به گستردگي فاصلۀ بين موسيقي فانكي جي جي جانسن در خيابان 110 تا كارهاي كلاسيك برنارد هرمن.

Film Ads in Iran#17: Vincente Minnelli